Māris un Māra uz Marss
SF romans jaunatnei ko uzrakstīju ar Aijas 1976-1978.
A Space Summit should be convened by the G20
Space Industrialization and the G20
In 2010 Dr. A. P. J. Kalam, former president of India, addressed the International Space Development Conference in Chicago via video link and suggested that the G20 study space-based solar power (SBSP) as a means to fill the looming need for electrical power worldwide. While the G20 did not add SBSP to its agenda, SBSP continues to be pursued by various groups around the world. As Dr. Kalam has pointed out there is no available alternative to meeting the expected 66% increase in global energy demand from conventional and existing alternative sources by 2050, especially for remote areas in India, Africa, and Asia.
Russia is currently the presiding nation of the G20. Amazingly, G20 meetings were underway in Moscow at the time of the meteor explosion over Chelyabinsk, a major industrial city in Siberia. Russia is the only country in the world that has suffered significant damage from impact by cosmic bodies in modern times. In 1908 the Tunguska region of Siberia witnesses a major explosion of an extraterrestrial object that burned and leveled trees for an area the size of Los Angeles. Understandably, Russia is now considering a significantly expanded planetary defense initiative against asteroid and comet impact. No doubt planetary defense will be discussed during G20 meetings which will continue throughout 2013 culminating in the G20 Summit Conference in St. Petersburg, September 5-6. However, the primary topics on the G20 Agenda are to develop a plan to drive global economic growth:
The discussion of the whole range of the closely intertwined items of the G20 agenda has been planned around the three overarching priorities, all focused on igniting a new cycle of economic growth. We also look upon them as the three watchwords for the Russian G20 Presidency:
- Growth through quality jobs and investment;
- Growth through trust and transparency;
- Growth through effective regulation.
More information about the G20 can be found at http://en.g20russia.ru/.
In our article “Back to the future: Space and escaping the gravitational pull of economic crisis”, we suggested that space industrialization can pull the world out of economic crisis. The heightened interest in space resulting not only from the Chelyabinsk event but also from achievements and developments in commercial space suggest that the topic of space industrialization has a reasonable chance of being considered on the agenda of the G20. There are multiple upcoming meetings of various G20 working groups primarily in Russia, but also in Washington, Geneva and Paris. Space development advocacy groups should be able to find ways to present their views to delegates to these various sessions that come before the September Summit. Needed is a position statement similar to the NSS-Kalam SBSP initiative that was launched in November 4, 2010. See – http://www.nss.org/news/releases/pc20101104.html
Below is a draft position statement for presentation to the G20. We welcome comments and suggestions. Ideally, a group would meet physically or electronically, to develop a statement that would satisfy the members of the NSS and other groups and then inform multiple G20 delegates about the topic. If a delegate buys into the idea, then a press-conference could be organized similar to the NSS-Kalam press conference of November 4, 2010. Note that while Russia is presides over the G20 in 2013, Australia will follow in 2014 followed by Turkey in 2015. At present the world’s first formal “off world”mining conference is underway in Sydney, Australia. See – http://www.acser.unsw.edu.au/oemf/presentations.htmlVidvuds Beldavs
Vidvuds Beldavs: a futurist who has advised major corporations, state government, and the governments of the Baltic States regarding technology, innovation and long term economic development. He has been involved with space advocacy since the mid 1970s and taught space industrialization and national priorities at Coe College in 1977.
Jeffrey Sommers: Associate Professor of Political Economy & Public Policy in Africology and Global Studies Fellow at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. He is also Visiting Faculty, Stockholm School of Economics in Riga. He has advised governments up to the prime minister level and has written on political economy for The Financial Times, The Guardian, The Moscow Times, and others
Gregory Anderson: cum laude graduate of Ball State University, holding a degree in history, is a science fiction writer who writes about humankind’s expansion into the Solar System. He is also a freelance journalist, a blogger, and an amateur astronomer
Space presents humankind with the need for international action to realize opportunities and to prevent catastrophe
Position statement prepared for consideration by the G20
The recent Chelyabinsk meteor impact is a reminder of the potential for great destruction from asteroid impact and the need for planetary defense. Concurrently, asteroids, the Moon and other planetary bodies have resources with considerable economic value with some asteroids estimated to hold trillions of dollars worth of valuable resources. Technologies are under development for both planetary defense and for mining the Moon and asteroids with states, private companies and numerous non-governmental organizations involved.
The Outer Space Treaty first published in January, 1967 and now signed by over 100 countries, which is the basis for international space law, does not provide clear guidance for commercial activities by private firms nor by the various non-governmental actors. Yet the essentially limitless resources in space hold the potential to accelerate global economic growth, create millions of good jobs, with the sustainable capacity for stable growth for decades to come, while defending the Earth from asteroid impact and mitigating the effects of climate change through carbon free delivery of electricity to the remotest regions of the world.
We call on the G20 to organize a global space summit conference in 2014 to address the following three interlinked challenges that require a shared framework of legal understandings and infrastructure
- Develop an international program for planetary defense from asteroid, comet, radiation and other threats. There is room for considerable international action, including by governments, voluntary organizations, and private business. Private public, cross-border cooperation can amplify the efforts of governments. Such a project would not only create a much needed defense against extra planetary objects, but would have three important ancillary effects. One, it would foster international cooperation. Two, it would advance the development of technologies promoting future economic growth. Three, provide economic stimulus and make recourse of underutilized scientific infrastructure in several economies, Russia in particular.
- Accelerate commercial activities to exploit resources from the Moon, asteroids and other commercial bodies to drive more rapid economic growth for all nations. The Outer Space Treaty, formally the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, is a treaty that forms the basis of international space law. As of October 2011, 100 countries are states parties to the treaty, while another 26 have signed the treaty but have not completed ratification. The salient point of the Treaty is that the treaty explicitly forbids any government from claiming a celestial resource such as the Moon or a planet, claiming that they are the Common heritage of mankind. Art. II of the Treaty states that “outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means”. Greater clarity is needed to fully unleash the power of commercial enterprise to address the challenge of opening space resources for the benefit of mankind. The chief impediment to future economic growth is the limitation of natural resources and further technological development. This project would advance both.
- Accelerate development of space-based solar power (SBSP) to meet terrestrial needs for electrical power that does not threaten the environment and that accelerates economic development to meet the needs of all nations. In November, 2011, the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) published “Space Solar Power: The First International Assessment Of Space Solar Power: Opportunities, Issues And Potential Pathways Forward”< http://iaaweb.org/iaa/Studies/sg311_finalreport_solarpower.pdf > presenting an in depth analysis of SBSP and a carefully considered roadmap that considers technological and other risks and presents a pathway for moving forward concluding that SBSP can be a significant contributor to meet global needs for electrical power and concluded “Whether it requires 5-10 years, or 20-30 years to mature the technologies for economically viable SPS now depends more on (a) the development of appropriate platform systems concepts, and (b) the availability of adequate budgets.” The study recommended “Where possible, SSP and related systems analysis studies should be coordinated among various countries and between industry and government agencies”. The options that would contribute most to economic growth on Earth would be those that lead to the most rapid advances in technology which are those that also contribute most to planetary defense. Rather than launching material from the Earth SBSP powerplants should be built from resources on the Moon or from asteroids. The lunar regolith contains resources in abundance required to build solar cells and other components. Material can be launched from the surface of the Moon using electromagnetic launching systems that can be powered by solar energy collected on the Moon. While there may be unknown unknowns that are show stoppers, decades of research by engineers and scientists in the US, Russia, the EU, Japan, China, India, and other countries suggest that such a strategy is feasible.
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The asteroid mining bank
Published in The Space Review, http://www.thespacereview.com/article/2226/1
The asteroid mining bank
by Vidvuds Beldavs
Monday, January 28, 2013
Now that Deep Space Industries and Planetary Resources have declared their intentions to mine the asteroids, methods will need to be developed to establish and record precedence and ownership of claims to asteroid resources. Why is this important? If company A assays an asteroid, it would be in this company’s interests that the investment it makes to determine the value of the asteroid would yield it some rights over latecomers that may also want to exploit the same resource, perhaps not even acknowledging the prior discovery. Just as gold claims were registered and ownership established in the gold fields of California in 1849, a system needs to be developed to solve a similar problem in interplanetary space. This creates the opportunity to not only establish a method of recording claims, but also to establish a bank that can finance actual resource recovery.
Mining claims are recorded as a form of ownership record. The owner of the claim can mine the claim or license the mining of the claim to someone else. Mining claims were first recorded during the California Gold Rush of 1849 and were based on Mexican mining law, which gave the right to mine to the first one to discover the mineral deposit and begin mining it.
What is an asteroid mining claim?
Asteroids are extraterrestrial resources for which no prior claims exist. Many are not even cataloged with known and defined orbits. When asteroid mining companies assay the resources of an asteroid, they will have taken similar actions to the Gold Rush miners who assayed land with no prior ownership claim. If the results of their assay are recorded and the company can provide evidence of an intent and capability to mine, by mutual agreement among the private companies their claim would be honored for the length of time agreed to by the miners that established the mining claims register. If a mining claim is not worked for the agreed to time, then the claim could open to other claimants. Essentially, the system is self-governing among the miners, requiring no government to validate the claim.
By placing the assays into the reserve accounts of a development bank, the net present value of the recoverable resource can become the reserves against which the Asteroid Mining Bank can lend money to fund industrial projects.
In the case of mining claims in 1849 California, precise definitions were required where the claim is located. In the case of most asteroids today, existing astronomical naming specifications that include mass and orbital data should be sufficient to define the location of the claim with precision. However, because such location information already exists as published information, it would be insufficient to simply provide astronomical catalog information to establish a claim. The basis of the claim would need to be precise information about the composition of the asteroid that can only be obtained by a visit to the asteroid, including the return of a significant amount of material to the Earth and the placement of an identifying beacon that would signal ownership of the claim.
Registered assays of asteroid resources can become the “Fort Knox” in the sky
The next step in the process would be an assay of the resources of the asteroid. This would allow the asteroid to be “banked,” representing a store of value that the miner can use to finance recovery of the resources, or to fund other activities in space. The assay would establish how much of different minerals can be recovered from a given asteroid with defined methods of recovery and what other value the asteroid may have in the space economy. For example, an asteroid may have the composition, orbit, and other characteristics to serve as a waystation for spacecraft independent of its resources. There may also be scientific value to the asteroid that independent of its mineral resources.
Just as the gold in Fort Knox has value, the value of asteroids established by assays embodies stored value. Perhaps we can refer to the combined value of all the asteroids as a “Fort Knox” in the sky, where the recoverable wealth can back a form of currency. By placing the assays into the reserve accounts of a development bank, the net present value of the recoverable resource can become the reserves against which the Asteroid Mining Bank can lend money to fund industrial projects. Projects would not need to be limited to asteroid mining. The Asteroid Mining Bank could be a source of financing for industrial or economic development activities on the Moon or to fund deployment of the space-based solar power grid that could provide the Earth with clean, carbon-free electrical power.
The Asteroid Mining Bank could be a source of financing for industrial or economic development activities on the Moon or to fund deployment of the space-based solar power grid that could provide the Earth with clean, carbon-free electrical power.
The Asteroid Mining Bank will attain greater economic development impact when it is recognized by key central banks. One approach would be to form an association of central banks that would recognize the authority of the Asteroid Mining Bank to emit currency. If either the European Central Bank or the US Federal Reserve recognized this authority it would be sufficient for the Asteroid Mining Bank to begin operation. As other central banks accede to the association, then the Asteroid Mining Bank could emit that currency opening the potential for companies headquartered within the territory to more directly involved in space industrialization activities funded by the Asteroid Mining Bank.
Where to establish the bank?
Unlike the Bretton Woods institutions that were founded in Washington, DC, in the aftermath of World War II, any new permanent global body is unlikely to be established in the US. The world has now become multipolar with a surging Asia and a unifying Europe. The rising new global powers are likely to favor a non-US location for the Asteroid Mining Bank. While Russia’s predecessor, the Soviet Union, was the first country in space, and Russia remains as one of the major spacefaring nations, Russia is unlikely to be seen as the center of space commercialization in coming decades. China has an impressive space program but there may be reluctance on the part of other spacefaring nations to headquarter a key global activity in China. I would like to stake a claim, so to speak, for Riga, Latvia. Latvia is now a thriving part of the European Union and soon will be a member of the European Space Agency. Latvia is clearly in the West, but Riga was also significant as a regional capital in the former Soviet Union and continues to have strong ties to Russia. Latvia is small, with good relations with all spacefaring nations. Latvia could be an ideal headquarters location for the Asteroid Mining Bank.
Vidvuds Beldavs (vidbeldavs@gmail.com) is President of Kaija Consulting, Ltd, a Riga, Latvia based consultancy that has advised the Latvian government on technology commercialization and economic development strategies. He served as Business Trends Advisor to Cummins, Inc., and served as the Executive Director of the Technology Transfer Society. He was the Hudson Institute’s initiator of the International Baltic Economic Commission for the governments of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.
The crisis in Latvian science
Science in Latvia is in crisis
The symptoms of the problem are alarming – In the immediate term as of January 1, 2013 the research institutes that depend on Latvian government budget allocations have no defined funding, even to fire existing staff. See discussion of this issue below (Immediate crisis). In the intermediate term, during the next 2-7 years, Latvia is last in Europe in innovation and also last in investment in R&D as a percentage of GDP. Since R&D and innovation are universally recognized as the pathway to economic development scientists in Latvia are very alarmed about the implications. If this trend continues Latvia is in transformation to becoming poorer and increasingly less able to compete in the world, the very opposite of the economic breakthrough that is the byword of the National Development Plan that was recently approved by the Saeima. The crisis in science does not seem to concern people in key budgetary roles in the Saeima and in the Government that have made statements that science brings no benefit to Latvia (“Zinātnei nav atdeve Latvijai”). The 2013 budget for science was actually cut from 2012. The budget cut makes the statement that nothing will be done to deal with the problem in 2013, because any serious action will require additional investment.
Immediate crisis
As a result of bureaucratic bungling research institutes funded by the Latvian government have no defined operating funds for 2013. This problem applies to all scientific institutes regardless of their quality, or performance. Funding for publically supported R&D has to be supported by grants (via the Latvian Science Council), National Programs for Science and base financing of scientific institutions. This issue affects nearly 2/3 of working scientists in Latvia.
This problem arises because pay for scientists is determined through a competitive system that is run annually starting sometime in November. The ratings are completed by some time in March when the working scientist can receive the pay based on his prior year’s performance. These salary payments terminate at the end of the fiscal year leaving a limbo period during which a majority of the scientists receive no payment. How long has this been going on is unclear, but one year is too much. Compounding the problem is that the Ministry of Education and Science (IZM) does not trust the annual performance reviews and is planning a quality review costing about 400,000 LVL that is expected to be conducted by mid-year. Between the reviews and grant proposal development it is unclear where scientists find the time to conduct research and to write.
Base financing covers only administrative costs
Base financing is insufficient to cover basic operating costs that institutes need to survive, but even the level of base financing has not been disclosed to research management as of today, January 2. As one example, the Photonics Institute with 100 researchers had an allocation of LVL 10,000 for 2012. But, even this level of funding has not been disclosed. Therefore, payments to staff cannot be planned. Grants provided by the Latvian Science Council in 2012, have been exhausted. European Union funded and Latvian state-funded grant proposals for 2013 are still under international evaluation and therefore this money cannot be obtained and used. National research program funding is also not accessible, because the government bureaucracy has not yet defined budget allocations and no funds have been transferred to the institutes. It means – in the reality Latvian scientific institutes do not have any state budget financing for their activities at this time.
If the immediate crisis is not resolved quickly
This means – our institutes have to fire their scientists, who had grants of Latvian Scientific Council in the past, because we have not money to pay their salaries. We do not know which of them will win the grants for the future period of time. There is no base financing to keep them going until we find out.
But money is needed to even properly fire employees. Resources are needed for severance pay and outplacement costs, but there is no money allocated for such a purpose.
Even if base financing is soon allocated, these funds are too small to cover salaries. Base financing is only enough to cover basic expenses for heating, electricity, security and administration.
A comment from Ivars Kalvins, Director of the Organic Synthesis Institute. [Funding uncertainty] “means – we can’t even fire the people, but we have to do it because our authorities in Latvia do not do their job. Why the officers in Ministry of Education and Sciences have a right to get their salary’s starting January, but scientists – not?”
The aging scientist crisis
This section is paraphrased and translated from Latvian text provided by Dr. Ivars Kalvins, Director, Institute of Organic Synthesis. The demographics of Latvian science are alarming. Over 65% of active scientists with PhDs are of pension age. The problem is worst in the hard sciences where new PhDs are fewer. The trend is down. According to the table below there is a declining percentage of students opting for the exams in the hard sciences:
|
Gads |
Ķīmija |
Fizika |
Bioloģija |
|
2009. |
5,76 |
12,10 |
15,19 |
|
2010. |
5,92 |
10,68 |
10,58 |
|
2011. |
4,73 |
10,31 |
9,57 |
|
2012. |
4,35 |
9,12 |
9,57 |
To replace the scientists that will be retiring at least 15 new PhDs are needed every year for the next 10 years. At best only 1/3 of that number defends their thesis. At this rate in five years physical sciences will be just a memory in Latvia.
The Organic Synthesis Institute had 17 scientists funded by grants with full salaries in 2012 and another 24 working part time. In 2013 there is no budget to pay any of these scientists, because the 2013-2016 grants have not yet been reviewed, so it is impossible to sign contracts with any of them.
OSI applied for Latvian Science Council grants for 23 groups (69 scientists). Funding in each grant would be sufficient to pay 3 people per grant, but OSI has 100 PhD scientists with 90 students not counting master’s and bachelor level students.
Realistically, we can only count on winning 2-3 grants because the budget allocations only assumes 5 chemistry related grants – pay attention - as a result in the theoretical chemistry field Latvia’s science budget allocation is such that only 15 researchers can get paid where there are researchers active in OSI, the LU Chemistry Department, the RTU Materials and applied chemistry department, the Inorganic Chemistry Institute, the Wood Chemistry Institute and others. It adds up to fewer than 3 scientists funded per institute! And the national development plan has identified pharmaceuticals and biotechnology as national priority fields! How can anyone expect exceptional science and many publications if the budget limits work to 15 people with a total budget allocation for all 15 that is less than for one profesor at Gottingen University?
The IZM Minister should honestly declare that with the lowest financing for science in Europe that Latvia can realistically expect to have the weakest scientific results in Europe. How would consolidation help with this level of funding? This is like rearranging the deck chairs on the Titanic.
The planned international review of Latvian science appears to have limited value
The planned review of Latvian R&D by international experts in the first months of 2013 is touted by the Ministry of Education and Science as key to reform of research. We can hope that the review will provide good information to the Ministry and introduce more Latvian researchers to their international peers. The intent of the review of R&D is to identify what is quality research and what is poor. It has been declared that funding would be increased for quality research and cut for poor research based on the results of the review. There are several problems with this approach.
- The planned review does not address structural problems that disincentivize quality science, risk taking and innovation. There are known solutions to these problems that often are independent of the apparent quality of researchers and research teams. More needed than a quality review is an analysis of the structure of research, how research is managed and how incentives are provided to achieve excellence. Change processes can be started almost immediately with organizational change specialists who understand incentive systems and their impact on research performance.
- A field that international reviewers identify as poor quality may be vital to Latvia’s future and require increased investment, rather than cuts. Which research should be funded by Latvia is a far more difficult question than assessment of the quality of research that is underway.
- The planned review appears to target metrics that may not measure capabilities properly due to the distorted R&D environment in Latvia during the past decade. Measures of the quality of research typically include numbers of papers published in peer-reviewed publications and the number of citations of published works. This may have little to do with the capabilities of the researchers to perform cutting edge research. Earlier funding uncertainties and dramatic budget cuts in response to the 2008 crisis have worsened the climate for R&D in Latvia reducing the number of articles submitted for publications as well as their quality. In tough times scientists behave much like other people. They close down, avoid risk and focus on small tasks that can meet formal requirements.
- Research done for industry typically will not include the publishing of the results. While relatively little industrial research is underway in Latvia, commercial research needs to be encouraged. This will not happen if the requirement is that promotions depend primarily on publishing. Commercial ventures simply do not have the time to do this
- Researchers are presently incentivized to undertake smaller, low risk projects. Increasingly funding for basic research is coming from EU funds such as Framework 7 and the European Research Council rather than from national science budgets. There is no funding made available to prepare proposals for larger, more complex, high risk projects. High risk cutting edge research that generates new findings results in papers that get cited often. Papers from low risk projects tend to not get cited.
- Funding is needed from national science budgets to build the capabilities of researchers to win grants, a topic that is not addressed by the planned review of Latvian R&D.
Failure to address the crisis in R&D raises strong concerns about the potential of Latvia to meet goals set forth in the National Development Plan (NAP), recently approved by the Saeima. Many active researchers state their concerns much more strongly. Some even claim that the government appears to have a goal to destroy Latvia’s R&D competence. While this would be preposterous if true, it is becoming increasingly difficult to retain top quality researchers that are attracted to foreign research labs with better pay, better equipment and better prospects for the future.
If no action is taken to substantially increase investment in R&D in the near term – the next 2-3 years, Latvia’s ability to deliver quality science education will be increasingly threatened as more capable researchers emigrate. Responsible parents with bright science based children will have to seriously weigh their responsibilities and consider emigration to countries more supportive of science.
Innovation and high risk R&D need to be incentivized
The primary source of funding for universities in Latvia comes from government “budget positions” – students whose studies are funded from the education budget. The budget for “budget positions” is roughly LVL 80 million compared to the national R&D budget which is roughly LVL 16 million. This allocation of funding also determines the priorities of university leaders. Rectors are much more focused on securing “budget positions” than on increasing the R&D budget.
There are significant issues with the legal framework for innovation covered by the Law on Scientific Activities and government issued regulations. The quality estimation criterion for public scientific institutions includes such criteria as number of bachelors, masters and doctors educated by these scientific institutions. It is not correct for Latvian State Scientific Institutes ( there are 12 together, close to 1/3 of whole scientific potential of Latvia), because these institutes are not a part universities and are not authorized to teach students. Nevertheless, for example, in the Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis (IOS) there are at least 100 students simultaneously performing scientific work and working out their doctoral thesis as well as bachelor or master works. Universities are counting results of students work in IOS as their indicators of scientific performance, even it is not truth.
Latvian patent policies discourage innovation
EU or USA patents (inventions) that are granted are equated during an evaluation of scientific performance to publications that are published in journals without an impact factor. It means that a patent, which often consist of 100-200 pages, is estimated to be equal to a non significant publication consisting of less than 10 pages. Under Latvian law research performed using state provided resources and laboratory equipment belongs to the State with no monetary benefit to the inventor or to the institute where the inventor works. As a result scientists avoid patenting their inventions and scientific institutes performing innovation are rated lower and are allocated lower base financing than warranted by their headcount and performance.
Together with lack of financing for patent protection and maintenance fees of patents, as well as a deficient Law on Scientific Activities Concerning Intellectual Property Rights the innovative potential of Latvia can be expected to further decline in the future.
Austerity budgets promote low risk-taking, the opposite of what Latvia needs. Given that budgets could be increased the research community needs “change managers” who act to promote innovation and risk taking among scientists who are focused on doing research, writing papers and preparing proposals. Glen Grant, is an internationally recognized expert in organizational change who has identified change managers as a key building block of effective reforms of Latvian R&D.
Given that resources could be found to fund the change managers, and the incentive structure for researchers is changed to encourage innovation, experimentation and risk taking, then substantial additional funding for Latvian R&D could be raised from EU R&D funds such as Framework 7 and the European Research Council. Arnolds Ubelis, the National Contact Point for the Framework 7 program, has suggested the creation of research managers to fulfill a similar function to the change managers suggested by Glen Grant. There is a readiness to move forward in this direction by researchers. They have been waiting for positive change for many years. Failure to act and to resolve the crisis in Latvian science sends a strong signal that despite their very deep patriotism, they may need to consider emigration.
Links with Business
There is also a need to link national and university research with business. At present the two co-exist but not effectively for delivering a stream of new products. The Rector of the technical university is determined to create a 4th generation university where business and academic life work side by side. But this attitude needs to be formalized for the Ministry of Economies and Education, and all Latvian universities, whether providing new wood products, foods for pets or wing spars for aircraft. In the medium and long term, research means nothing to Latvia unless it is turned into market value.
What is a change manager?
A change manger is a person with a mission for organizational change. Most likely the individual would have experience in R&D, business or change outside of Latvia, especially in industrially oriented research that drives towards commercialization of research results.
Latvia needs to encourage the return of émigré scientists and the participation of foreign scientists in research in Latvia
Returning scientists need to be more than welcomed, they need to be given incentives so that the knowledge that is gained from overseas experience returns to Latvia. Every returnee is a change agent who can add tremendous value to the research effort underway in Latvia.
No incentives for challenging, high risk R&D
There is little incentive to write proposals for challenging projects where the chance of winning a grant is relatively low. What would motivate a scientist to take time from his family and weekends and evenings to write grant proposals where the estimated success rate is 10% or less where their personal reward may be a modest increment to their base pay, if successful?
Latvia needs to incentivize proposal submission by compensating researchers for writing and submitting proposals that meet EU proposal guidelines. If researchers could immediately receive a substantial bonus (LVL 1,000 +) for every fully completed proposal that is submitted in addition to regular salary, then the number of quality proposals would increase substantially. More quality proposals would improve Latvia’s chances of winning more grants in the aggregate making it more possible for Latvian researchers to conduct high-risk, cutting edge research.
Completion of a proposal is necessary, but not sufficient to substantially increase the odds of winning grants. Successful research organizations use grant writing professionals to improve the quality of submitted grants. Battelle Memorial Institute, the largest private R&D organization in the world with over 7,000 researchers, uses multiple teams for proposal development. The Blue team writes the proposal and the Red team looks for mistakes and weaknesses to be corrected before submission of the proposal. Estonia uses professionals to prepare many of its grant proposals and has achieved a much higher success rate than Latvia.
The challenge now is to find funds in the 2013 budget to hire change managers as well as to incentivize innovation and fund winning proposal development. Substantial funding is available in the longer term from EU R&D funds and other sources. The Framework 7 program budget from 2007-2013 is 80 billion Euros. Latvia is 1/250th of the EU in population so Latvia’s fair share would be 320 million Euros. Horizon 2020, covering 2014-2020 is budgeted at 100 billion Euros. Latvia’s 1/250th would be 400 million Euros. The European Space Agency and Euratom have separate funding from Framework 7. Latvia has research programs that fit with ESA and Euroatom and have received funding in the past. Now, that Latvia is on its way to accede to the ESA additional funding will become possible from the ESA.
Consolidation is no panacea
Latvian R&D suffers from fragmentation. Reform efforts frequently refer to consolidation as a solution to the problem. Size by itself does not generate competence. Larger units will need to be managed by managers who can run larger organizations. A large organization run by poor managers may generate poorer results than the fragments. Some benefits of consolidation can be achieved by linking the work of researchers in related disciplines who work in different research organizations through arrangements such as the Photonics Association – Nuclear Physics and Spectroscopy Institute, Astronomy Institute and the Geodesics and Geoinformatics Institute – that won a major FP7 grant of € 3.8 million. Comparable problem-driven arrangements are possible to flexibly achieve the benefits of consolidation without reorganization.
Consolidation does not have to be concentrated in Riga
Among the stated purposes of consolidation is to create an institution that ranks among the top 100 research universities in Europe. The majority of top-ranked universities tend to be located in smaller universities towns rather than in the capital cities. Lund and Uppsala are well known examples from Sweden. Lund is the largest university in Sweden and is located in the town of Lund which is not much larger than Jelgava. For Latvia, location of its largest university outside of the capital would have many advantages not least of which is to foster more balanced economic development of the country. Jelgava, presents itself as an optimal site for a major university. Jelgava could become the Lund or Latvia. Jelgava is less than 50 km from Riga and has been the home to academic institutions from the 1500 when a Jesuit school operated there. The Latvian State University of Agriculture, located in Jelgava, presently has about 6,000 students with a capacity for perhaps 10,000 in existing facilities. The main campus building is the massive Jelgava palace designed by Rastrelli that housed the Dukes of Courland. A major university campus could be developed in the nearby territory offering a the possibility of an extraordinary architectural entrance to the city of Jelgava itself. The university territory is adjoined by land designated for a technology park intended for laboratories and high tech businesses. A major campus could be developed in this territory at significantly lower cost than a comparable campus in the capital city where real estate prices are much higher. The international airport can be reached quickly and the city serves as a hub for rail and bus transport.
Conclusions
There is an immediate crisis facing key research institutes in Latvia that they have no defined funds to pay research staff or even to fire them as of January 1, 2013. This issue requires immediate action. If police, parliament and ministerial salaries were comparably affected it is hard to see how the government could survive, unless it solved the problem, quickly.
If nothing substantive is done to address the crisis in Latvian science in 2013 we can expect emigration of scientists from Latvia to accelerate, even if there is an appearance of economic success with increasing exports and rising incomes in the overall economy. This would have disastrous consequences for achievement of the economic breakthrough (“ekonomikas izrāviens”) by 2020.
Latvian science has multiple disincentives to innovation and excellence that have little to do with the structure of higher education that need to addressed immediately, rather than waiting for the education reforms to take place.
- Proposals for high risk projects are discouraged
- There is no support for increased quality of R&D proposals
- Patent laws and practices discourage patenting
Recommendations
Salaries for institutes without defined resources for 2013 needs to be resolved immediately on a crisis basis, within days, at least for the first month to three months of 2013.
Latvia’s R&D budget for 2013 should be increased as soon as practically possible to meet specific goals that are independent of the overall higher education – research structure whose reform is politically difficult and can be expected to take time. The government and Ministry of Education & Science should actively work with research organizations to incentivize risk taking and innovation and to win more European research funds. Goals include:
- Increasing the quantity and quality of funding proposals by compensating researchers to complete proposals and by providing professional support to improve the quality of proposals.
- Fostering change that increases innovation through hiring of R&D change managers
Incentives need to be made available at all levels to encourage risk-taking and innovation by researchers.
It is imperative that intellectual property law be passed in 2013 with provisions that encourage more patenting and innovation.
These actions would give researchers a signal that Latvia is behind them, that Latvia has a future in science, and that they have a future in a more successful Latvia. Not only would it stem the brain drain that is otherwise inevitable, but decisive and effective leadership in Latvia is also likely to motivate the return of good researchers who have already left Latvia.
Jelgavas Universitāte, inovācija un Jelgavas nākotne
Jelgava ir ceļa krustojumā. Jelgava var izlemt kļūt par inovācijas pilsētu, ar augstu labklājības līmeni, rosīgu kultūras dzīvi, un skaistu un patīkamu vidi. Šāda droša un tīra pilsēta būtu ideāla vieta ģimenēm audzināt bērnus, jauniem darbiniekiem veidot uzņēmumus vai labus karjerus, un pensionāriem pavadīt aktīvus un interesantus gadus savā mūža pilnībā. Šāda nākotne ir iespējama, ja Jelgava var kļūt par inovācijas pilsētu.
Jelgava var atteiktos no izaicinājuma kļūt par inovācijas pilsētu. Tādā gadījumā spējīgākie aizplūdīs – vai uz Rīgu, vai Londonu, vai tālāk. Tāda Jelgava nebūt jauka vieta kur audzināt bērnus un veidot sekmīgu dzīvi.
Inovācijas ceļš nav viegls. Tas nenotiks automātiski. Pie tā būs cītīgi, un ilgi jāpiestrādā. Ir vajadzīgs plāns un ir vajadzīga vadība ar spējām, enerģiju un pacietību neatlaidīgi cīnoties, lai veidot labāku un spējīgāku pilsētu. Ir arī vajadzīga labi informēta publika, kas aktīvi piedalās un atbalsta, un atjauno vadību mainīgos apstākļos.
Inovācijas pilsēta līdzīgi kā senie katedrāli, ir paaudžu darbs. Ar katru paaudzi pilsēta kļūst pilnīgāka un spējīgāka.
Kas ir inovācijas pilsēta?
Inovācijas pilsēta ir pilsēta ar savu universitāti, kur zinātnieki rada jaunu zināšanu, vidē kur jauna zināšana tiek pārvērsta jaunos produktos. Ir vairāki pazīstami piemēri no inovācijas pilsētām – San Jose ar Stenfordas universitāti, Lunda ar Lundas universitāti, Ostins ar Teksasa Štata universitāti, un daudz citi. Pirms 30 gadiem Zviedrija pārdzīvoja, ka viņu tradicionālās metāla apstrādes rūpniecības tika izkonkurētas no Korejas, Taivānas un Japānas. Lundas pilsēta izlēma šo problēmu risināt, dibinot IDEON zinātnes parku.
IDEON zinātnes parks (Lund, Zviedrija)
1980.g. Zviedrijas dienvidu reģions – depresīvs un mazattīstīts
1983.g. Lundas Universitāte +Tehniskā augstskola +Skanes reģions +Lundas pašvaldība dibināja Ideon zinātnes parku
2012.g. rezultāti – 700 augsto tehnoloģiju uzņēmumi; 10 000 jaunradītu darbavietu; 375 milj LVL uzņēmumu apgrozījums
(Neimanis, 2012)
Vai Jelgava varētu kļūt par Latvijas Lundu?
Jelgava lepojās ar Jelgavas Pili, kas ir starp ievērojamākiem arhitektūras pieminekļiem Latvijā, un jau ir universitātes sēdeklis.
Jelgava ir 50 km. No Rīgas, apmēram tikpat tālu, kā Lunda ir no Kopenhāgenas. Jelgava ir pietiekam tuvi Rīgai, ka tā var lepoties ar Rīgas priekšrocībām bez metropoles negatīviem.
- Droša, tīra, draudzīga pilsēta ar tuvām saitēm ar savu apgabalu un laukiem. Satiksmes sastrēgumi ir reti.
- Rosīga kultūras dzīve
- Pilsēta ir pietiekam maza, ka var viegli var iepazīties ar Domi un citiem vadošiem cilvēkiem.
- Zemes un nekustāmo īpašuma cenas ir stipri zem Rīgas cenām. Veidot plašāku universitāti Jelgava būtu stipri lētāk kā Rīgā
- Rīgas Lidosta ir 45 minūtes no Jelgavas, apmēram tikpat ilgi, kā no Rīgas ziemeļiem
Jelgava ir gatava veidot zinātnes parku līdzīgu, kā IDEON Lundā. Biznesa inkubators JIC ir uz teritoriju blakus Jelgavas Pili, kas ir nozīmēta, lai attīstītu zinātnes parku. Arī ir bijušā PSRS lidostas teritorija, kas ir daļēji ierīkota ar infrastruktūru, ir pašvaldības īpašums, kas ir pieejams zinātnes parka attīstībai. Jelgava ir ievērojams transportu mezgls, kas labi kalpotu augstas tehnoloģijas strauju attīstību.
Jelgavai vajag universitāti kas veicina Jelgavas izaugsmi
Jelgavai nav Jelgavas Universitāte, kas veicina inovāciju Jelgavā, bet tai ir Latvijas Lauksaimniecības universitāte (LLU). LLU ir universitāte, kas piepilda Latvijas prasības speciālistiem lauksaimniecībā, veterinārā medicīnā, mežsaimniecībā un citās jomās, kas ir saistītas ar lauksaimniecību un pārtiku. Līdz šim LLU nav bijusi izteikta loma novitātes veicināšanā. LLU studiju programmas galvenokārt piepilda valsts prasības lauksaimniecībā, nevis pilsētas un reģiona attīstību. LLU nav zinātnes parks vai biznesa inkubators vai īpaši kursi kas veicina uzņēmēj darbību. LLU sevi nedefinē, kā inovācijas centru reģionam, vai Latvijai. Tikai mazs procents no LLU absolventiem izlemj palikt Jelgavā, lai veidot savu karjeru.
Vai ir pienācis laiks mainīt LLU nosaukumu?
Mainot LLU nosaukumu uz Jelgavas Universitāti, izteikt to, ka ir iecerētas fundamentālas pārmaiņas universitātēs lomā, programmās un pārvaldē. Galvenais, tas dot pazīmi, ka tiks veicināta stratēģija Jelgavai kļūt par inovācijas pilsētu ar reģionālu un valsts līmeņa iespaidu. Rīgas rajona hiperattīstībai ir negatīvs iespaids Latvijas valsts līmenī. Liepājā ir Liepājas Universitāte, Daugavpilī ir Daugavpils, Rēzeknē Rēzeknes, Valmierā Valmieras un Ventspilī Ventspils Universitāte. Un kāpēc nesaukt reģionālo augstskolu, kas ir situēta Jelgavā, Jelgavas Universitāte?
Sakarā ar augstākās izglītības reformām, LLU nosaukuma maiņa ir gaidāma paredzamā nākotnē. Izglītības reforma saredz stipri atšķirīgu LLU lomu, kā tās tagadējo lomu, kā Latvijas Lauksaimniecības universitāte. Daži reformu plāni saredz augstākās izglītības konsolidāciju, kur LLU loma pārvērsties par lauksaimniecības akadēmiju vienotā, augstākās izglītības struktūrā. Vai šādai vienotai augstākās izglītības struktūrai jābūt koncentrētai Rīgā, ir debatējams jautājums. Lunda ir pilsēta nedaudz lielāka par Jelgavu, bet Lundā ir Zviedrijas lielākā universitāte. Līdzīgus piemērus var atrast daudzās citās valstīs. Kā piemēru, Indiānas štatā ir divas galvenās universitātes – Indiānas Universitāte un Perdū Universitāte – un abām sēdeklis ir pilsētās, kas ir Lundas vai Jelgavas lielumā.
. Attīstot Jelgavu, kā inovācijas pilsētu Rīgai pieejamā tuvumā, bet skaidrā atdalībā no Rīgas, stimulēt strauju reģionālu attīstību valstij līdzsvarotā veidā pildot NAP 2020 Prioritāti „Izaugsmi atbalstošas teritorijas”.
Latvijas vajadzība augstāka lauksaimniecības izglītībā
Ir fakts, ka LLU piepilda Latvijas valsts lomu, kā, valsts galvenais, augstākās izglītības un zinātnes centrs lauksaimniecībai un līdz saistītu disciplīnu, kā mežsaimniecību, veterināro medicīnu, pārtikas pārstrāde, utt. Nav runa šo valsts līmeņa lomu mainīt. Bet, vairums no pasaules lauksaimniecības universitātēm nav nosauktas par lauksaimniecības universitātēm. Mūsu LLU līdzīgi kā citās valstīs, ir uzņēmusi vairākus uzdevumus kas sniedzās stipri attālu no lauksaimniecību. Daļēji, tas ir jo modernā lauksaimniecība ir kļuvusi par zinātnes ietilpīgu priekšmetu velkot zināšanu no daudz disciplīnu. Rodas prasības zināšanām par biotehnoloģiju, informātikas tehnoloģiju, nanotehnoloģiju, robotu tehnoloģiju, kosmosa tehnoloģiju un zināšanu vēl neskaitāmi citas jomas. Tas nozīmē, ka lauksaimniecības zinātnes studentam bieži vajag pieejamību citām fakultātēm savā mācību gaitā. Kā var lauksaimniecības inženieru studentam Jelgavā, nodrošināt pieejamību visām zināšanām, kas viņam ir nepieciešams, lai izveidot sev izglītības programmu, kas atvērs tās iespējas, ko viņš dzīvē meklē? Analoģiska problēma ir medicīnas studentam Stradiņa Universitātē vai fizikas studentam Latvijas Universitātē. Tikai vislielākās universitātes pasaulē var piedāvāt pieeju zināšanas klāstam, kādu varētu pieprasīt visspējīgākie studenti ar potenci radīt jaunus zināšanas laukus vai veidot inovācijas vai ar jauniem produktiem, vai zinātniskajiem darbiem, vai jaunradi mākslā vai mūzikā.
„Super profesors” un kvalitatīvas izglītības pieejamība
Ir iespējams paplašināt universitātes devumu veidojot jaunas programmas, pat jaunas un paplašinātas fakultātes ar profesoriem kas lasa lekcijas par daudz un dažādām tēmām. Vai tas gan ir vajadzīgi, vai rentabli, ja tā paša informācija ir pieejamāka tīmeklī jau iepriekš sagatavotos kursos ko māca „super profesori” no labākajām universitātēm pasaulē? Patlaban Hārvarda, MIT, Stenforda, un citas vadošās universitātes piedalās programmās, kur pasniedz pasaules līmeņa kursus studentiem no visas pasaules, bieži par brīvu. Plašu informāciju par šādām iespējām var atrast ar Google. Ieteiktu rakstu „The Rise of the Superprofessor” (Frey, 2012).
Latvijas izglītības reforma, kas dotā brīdī ir tik strīdīga, ignorē radikālās pārmaiņas izglītībā, kā „super profesors”, kam dzineklis ir tīmeklis un strauja attīstība datoru inteliģencē. Augsti kvalitatīva izglītība būs nākotnē pieejama visur pasaulē, katrā pagastā un katrā mājā Latvijā, tieši no tīmekļa, bez Latvijas universitātēm.
Kāda loma varētu būt Latvijas universitātēm nākotnē?
Varam piekrist IZM galvenajiem izglītības reformu mērķiem veidot izglītību, kas ir kvalitatīva, savienota ar augstas raudzes zinātni un pasniegta augstskolās, kas ir efektīvi pārvaldītas iestādes. Varam arī piekrist IZM ministra Ķīļa uzrādītiem rādītājiem, kas nosaka kad mērķis būtu sasniegts: 1) apmierinošs augstskolu un zinātnes institūtu reitings pasaulē, 2) finansējuma apmērs augstākajai izglītībai, 3) smadzeņu aizplūšanas apturēšana; un ka varēs parādīt investoriem, ka Latvijā notiek progresīvas pārmaiņas. Bet, kā „super profesori” ASV un citos pasaules izglītības centros mainīs augstāko izglītību un ar kādu mērauklu būtu jāmēra augstāko izglītību Latvijā? Ko varēs dot profesors Ventspilī, vai Rēzeknē, vai citā Latvijas reģionālā universitātē, ko nevarēs dot ģeniāls „super profesors” Hārvardā, kas pasniegs fiziku 200,000 studentiem 100 valstīs pasaulē?
Kāda reforma ir nepieciešama Latvijas augstākā izglītībā?
Latvija ir maza valsts ar daudzām augstskolām un zinātniskām iestādēm. Visumā šīs iestādes nav labi finansētas, kas negatīvi iespaido kvalitāti izglītības pasniegšanā, tās pārvaldē un līdz saistītā pētniecībā un attīstībā. Ir paredzēts, ka studentu skaits nozīmīgi samazināsies. Strukturālas reformas ir vajadzīgas, lai pacelt izglītības kvalitāti paredzamā nākotnē, kad Latvijai būs ļoti svarīgi izglītot spējīgus vadoņus, uzņēmējus, zinātniekus, inženierus, advokātus, profesorus, skolotājus, ārstus un citus speciālistus.
Būtiski tagad ir panākt izglītības konsolidāciju, pretstatā tagadējam stāvoklim, kur izglītība ir sadalīta pa dažādām visumā vāji finansētām vienībām. Vai vajadzētu visas augstskolas Latvijā, kas ir atbalstītas no valsts budžeta, apvienot vienotā, akadēmiskā struktūrā ar vairākām filiālēm? Vai reģionālām augstskolām ir atšķirīga loma no Latvijas Universitātes, RTU un citām nacionāli svarīgām augstskolām? Jāsāk ar Boloņas Process, ar izglītības pamatprincipiem, uz kā Eiropas Savienība bāzē Eiropas Augstākās izglītības telpas veidošanas process, un Eiropas Kvalifikāciju ietvarstruktūru. Sk. (Wikipedia, Bologna Process).
Vadošie izglītības principi
- Kvalitatīva: atbilst ES un citiem izglītības standartiem. Noteicošs ir, ka Latvija 1999.g. parakstīja „Boloņas deklarāciju par Eiropas Augstākās izglītības telpas (EAIT) veidošanu. EAIT veidošanas process (parasti saukts par Boloņas procesu) aptver 46 valstis un tika veidots, lai nodrošinātu augstākās izglītības sistēmu un to rezultātu salīdzināmību Eiropas valstu starpā, tādējādi nodrošinot studentu un darbaspēka mobilitāti Eiropas Savienībā un lai nodrošinātu Eiropas augstākās izglītības konkurētspēju pasaulē” (EMZino_18122009).
- Pieejama: studenti var atļauties izmaksu un mācību vieta ir fiziski tuvi, vai mācības process ir viegli pieejams ar datoru, kur students ir.
- Piemērota: piemērota studentu un arī valsts un reģiona vajadzībām.
Kvalitatīva izglītība
Universitātei jābūt kvalitatīvai savās programmās, kas bieži vien prasa ne tikai izcilus profesorus un pētniekus, bet arī kritisku masu ar fakultātes speciālistiem. Ja fakultāte ir par maza, tad avansēšanas iespējas jauniem pētniekiem un profesoriem būs ierobežotas. Arī iespējas iegūt finansiālo atbalstu no ES un citiem fondiem būs šaurākas. Tas saka, ka mazā valstī ja spēki ir sadrumstaloti par vairākām nesaskaņotām, pat pretrunīgām, konkurējošām programmām, tad ieguvums būs mazāk, nekā ja valsts līdzekli būtu koncentrēti lai sasniegt valstī svarīgus mērķus.
Jauna kvalitātes mēraukla – „Super profesors”
Citējot Ministru Ķīli, “Mums ir svarīgi, ka vismaz viena ir Eiropas pirmajās simtniekos pēc astoņiem gadiem 2020.gadā un vismaz divas trīs ir pasaules piecsimtniekā. Tas rādītu, ka esam sasnieguši atzīstamus rezultātus.” (Ķīlis, 2012, Delfi). Vai pēc 10 gadiem tas būs Latvijai svarīgi vai kāda no tās universitātēm iekrīt starp 500 labākajām universitātēm pasaulē zem tagadējām mērauklām, ja paša universitātes būtība tiek radikāli mainīta? Ir pacēlušies daudz atšķirīgi modeļi, kā veidot nākotnes universitāti un līdz ar to nemaz nav skaidrs, pat nav īsti prognozējams, kā izskatīsies nākotnes universitāte. Toms Freijs („Tom Frey”) saredz, ka ar „super profesoriem” un augsti attīstītu globālo tīmekli, ka varbūt pietikt ar 10 universitātēm visā pasaulē, ka nebūs vajadzīgas universitātes katrā vidēju lielā pilsētā.
Ja visas pasaules zināšana būs tīmeklī kvalitatīvi pieejama no „super profesoriem” no tālienes, kādu funkciju piepildītu jeb kāda universitāte Latvijā? Atkrīt pat valsts valodu šķērslis. Ir paredzams, ka desmit gadu laikā datora tulkotāji varēs pilnībā pārtulkot „superprofesora” lekcijas valsts valodā.
Ko tīmeklis nevar izdarīt ir dot studentam cilvēcīgu piemēru un mijiedarbību starp profesoru un starp studentiem, kas rodas ideālos mācības apstākļos. Profesors mācās no studentiem un studenti mācās no profesora un no viens otra. Šāda dzīvā mijiedarbība ir jāveicina tā lai tas, ko mācās arī tiek iedzīvināts ar reālu praksi. Zinātnes studentiem vajag laboratorijas, kur tie var paši veikt pētījumus, ne tikai iegūt grāmatas zināšanu. Sociālo zinātņu studentiem vajag piedalīties dzīvā praksē vai darboties ar organizācijām, aģentūrām vai uzņēmumiem. Līdzīgi, lauksaimniecības studentiem vajag iegūt zināšanu par reāliem lauksaimniecības uzdevumiem. Pēc iespējas universitāte nākotnē nebūs tik atdalīta no sabiedrības. Saucamais „ivory tower” (ziloņkaula tornis) kur akadēmiķis ir atdalīts no sabiedrības mainīsies uz situāciju, kur zināšana tiks radīta un pielietota daudz ātrāk, kā pērn. Inovācija un zināšanas pielietošana kļūs par galveno universitātes uzdevumu. Tehnoparki, inovācijas centri un biznesa inkubatori kļūs par universitātes mērķi.
Pieejama izglītība
Izaicinājums Latvijai ir izgudrot un radīt tādu izglītības sistēmu, kas veicina tās iedzīvotāju pilnīgāku attīstību tā, lai Latvija var būt konkurētspējīga, tagad un nākotnē, un Latvijas iedzīvotāji var dzīvot pilnībā savā mūža garumā. Izglītībai vajag būt pieejamai visiem Latvijas iedzīvotājiem. ASV štatos ir veidota („community college”) pašvaldību koledžu sistēma. Ohaio štatā princips ir, ka koledža atrodas ne tālāk kā 25 jūdzes no studenta. Dažos štatos šīs universitātes ir filiāles no lielākas universitātes, dažos štatos ir pilnīgi neatkarīgas koledžas un citos, kā Indiānas štatā ir IVY Tech sistēma, kas ir neatkarīga no lielām valsts universitātēm, kurām ir filiāles galvenās pilsētās štatā. Šajā ziņā Latvija neatpaliek, un augstākā izglītības iestādes un tā filiāles ir visumā pieejamas visiem Latvijas iedzīvotājiem tagadējā struktūrā.
Piemērota izglītība
Ko students iegūst no savu universitātes piedzīvojumu ir daudz vairāk, kā zināšana, kas tiek pasniegta lekcijās, kas parasti ātri noveco un ir aizmirsta. Students mācās no profesora piemēru līdzīgi, kā māceklis mācās no meistara piemēru. Dažreiz pat vājš profesors var dot spēcīgāku apmācību par reāliem dzīves apstākļiem, ne kā labi sagatavoti studiju materiāli, kas ir viegli sagremojami. Students arī tieši sastop citus studentus, kas ir viņa klasesbiedri, kas cīnās ar līdzīgām dzīves problēmām. Studenti bieži vien izveido draugus, pat mūža draugus starp klātesošiem klasesbiedriem.
Universitātei vajag būt piemērotai savam apvidum. Ja Ventspils ir izvērtusies, kā Latvijas kosmosa centrs ar kosmosa saistītu pētniecību un uzņēmuma darbību, tad loģiski Ventspils Universitātē arī vajag pasniegt kursus, kas ir saistīti ar kosmosu. Līdzīgi, Latvijas Lauksaimniecības universitāte (LLU) pastāv centrā galvenajam lauksaimniecības rajonam Latvijā, kas ir Zemgales līdzenums. LLU jau plus 50 gadus ir vadījusi visas valsts programmas, kas ir saistītas ar lauksaimniecību, mežsaimniecību, veterināro medicīnu un citas jomas, kas ir saistītas ar lauksaimniecību.
Piemērotība uzņēmēja vajadzībām
Universitātei vajag piepildīt uzņēmēja prasības priekš labi apmācītiem darbiniekiem, kā arī uzņēmumu vajadzībām priekš zinātnisku un tehnoloģisku kompetenci un prasībām priekš jaunām tehnoloģijām un jauniem zinātnes atradumiem. Universitātei ir īpašs svarīga loma tehnoloģijas komercializācijā un tehnoloģijas pārnesē. Pēc būtības universitāte ir inovācijas centrs savā apvidū.
Piemērotība veicinot amatniecisko meistardarbību
Nākotnes izglītības modelis vairāk un vairāk līdzināsies meistaru ar mācekļiem, kur students iegūs pieejas no meistara, kā zināšanu izmantot dzīvē, ko iegūs no globālām sistēmām, „super profesoriem”, un universālām bibliotēkām. Latvijā ir piekoptas dziļas meistarības tradīcijas kas ir mantotas no ģildes sistēmu, kas aktīvi darbojas Latvijas teritorijā no viduslaikiem. Šis mācību veids atkal ir piemērots topošā „super profesora” laikmetā. Arī amatnieciskā ražošana ar lielu potenci augstai pievienotai vērtībai ir sevišķi piemērota Latvijas apstākļiem un vajadzībām. Kas vairāk un vairāk izceļas Latvijā ir amatniecības meistars ar akadēmiski iegūtām dizainu spējām un meistariski iegūtām amatniecības spējas sen-senā meistara – mācekļa sistēmā. Šo jautājumu es apskatīju rakstā „Roboti, amatniecība un Latvijas nākotne”, sk. http://www.mezaavize.lv/index.php?page=number&lang=lat&id=162#a2377 .
Meistars ar savu darbnīcu ir uzņēmējs kas rada darbus un ražo augstvērtīgus, kvalitatīvus produktus no vietējiem resursiem. Meistardarbība pilnībā sakrīt ar Latvijas 2030 ilgtspējības attīstības plānu. Duālā – akadēmiska un meistara-mācekļa izglītība ir nepieciešama, lai veicināt Latvijas ilgtspējīgo attīstību. Diemžēl eksistējošie izglītības plāni ignorē šo ļoti svarīgo virzienu. Vajag izveidot plānu duālai izglītības programmai, un kā duāla izglītība var būt pieejama visos Latvijas reģionos.
Latvijā jau ir radušies daudz piemēru kur amatniecības meistari ir ieguvuši starptautisku atzinību. Starp tiem Latvijas esošās meistardarbnīcas dabiska koka izmantošanā R. Vidzitskis, H.Stradiņš, M.Laizāns; koka mājokļu būvniecībā – V. Muižnieks, T.Sala, A.Eņģelis; mēbeļu izgatavošanā – J.Straupe, A.Vītols; metālapstrādē – J.Vaivods, E. Peslaks, U.Osis, pārtikā – J.Ozoliņš, N.Skauģis , un daudzi meistari citās nozarēs ir starptautiski atzīti un veiksmīgi darbojās. Izvelkot no V. Kazāka raksta „Meistardarbnīcas. Politika un ekonomika”, Sk. http://vilniskazaks.blogspot.com/2012/11/meistardarbnicas-politika-un-ekonomika.html?spref=fb
- Amatniecisko profesiju attīstībai nepieciešamā duālā izglītība .
Duālā izglītība Eiropā un pasaulē ir nepārtraukti atzīta, kā lēta, pieejama un efektīga. - Modulārā sistēma industrijā pielieto strādājošo iztrūkuma apstākļos. Šobrīd daudzi darba devēji labāk izvēlas universālākus, nevis šauri specializētus speciālistus.
- Meistardarbnīcu tīkla izvēršana, kā vietējo resursu izmantošana, pieejamība izglītībai un pakalpojumiem.
Meistardarbnīcu tīkls nodrošina atbalstu cilvēku dzīves un darba stabilizācijai, Latvijas teritorijas drošībai un kvalitātei, īpaši ārpus industriālām teritorijām.
Duālo izglītību (māceklis pie meistara) un meistardarbnīcu tīkla izvēršanu, mēs izvirzām kā amatnieku prioritāti!
Vairākas universitātes – vadošā fakultāte?
Ja kvalitātes principu var piepildīt ar stiprām, integrētām fakultātēm, un pieejamības un piemērotības principus var piepildīt ar vairākām, atšķirīgām universitātēm, tad visus principus var piepildīt ar vadošo fakultātes principu. Piemēram, ja vadošā fakultātes sēdeklis kosmosa zinātnēs ir Ventspils Universitāte un LLU pasniedz kursus, kur kosmosa zinātnes attiecina uz lauksaimniecību un mežsaimniecību, tad vadošā fakultāte Ventspili arī iekļautu kosmosa lektoru LLU, kur tas attiecās uz kosmosa saistītiem jautājumiem. Līdzīgi, ja Ventspils Universitāte pasniedz lauksaimniecības vai mežsaimniecības kursus, tad vadība nākt no LLU. Ja lauksaimniecību studentu skaits ir mazs Ventspilī, tad Ventspils studentam vajadzētu būt iespēja piedalīties LLU klasē, kas notiek Jelgava, via tīmekli. Līdzīgi ja elektroinženierzinātne tiek pasniegta Rēzeknē, tad fakultatīvā vadība nākt no elektro-inženierzinātnes fakultāti, kas būtu bāzēta RTU. Vienota virtuāla universitāte Latvijai ar autonomām vienībām kas piepilda vietējas un specializētās vajadzības.
Akadēmiskā pasaulē nemitīgi veidojas jauni disciplīnu un apakš disciplīnu, kā arī starp disciplīnu un daudz disciplīnu centri un projekti. Lai Latvijas universitātes būtu konkurētspējīgas, tām jāveicina šādu darbību starp Latvijas universitātēm, kā arī ar starp Latvijas universitātēm un ārzemes universitātēm.
Jelgavai vajag savu universitāti
Jelgavas universitāte nekādā ziņā var būt tikai filiāle no kādas konsolidētas universitātes, kas ir bāzēta Rīgā. Jelgavā ir dziļa augstās izglītības vēsture. Pirms jezuītus izraidīja no Jelgavas 1759.g. Jelgavā bija jezuītu skola. Hercogs Pēteris Bīrons 1773.g. izlēma veidot akadēmiju Kurzemes un Zemgales hercog valstī. „Jelgavas Pētera akadēmiju var uzskatīt par pirmo universitātei līdzīgu veidojumu Latvijā un tās dibināšanu 1775. gadā par institucionalizētas zinātnes sākumu tagadējā Latvijas teritorijā.”, (lp 22, Vīksne)
Universitāte ir situēta vēsturiskā Jelgavas pilī, sniedzot iespaidīgu ainavu pār par Lielupi no Rīgas šosejas iebraucot Jelgavā. Jelgava ir pilsētā kas deva Latvijai pirmo Latvijas prezidentu Jāni Čakstu un daudz citus sabiedriskus darbiniekus, rakstniekus, pētniekus, māksliniekus, dziedātājus, un uzņēmējus. Jelgava ir nacionāli nozīmīgs kultūras centrs, ko uztur rosīga pilsētas un novada ekonomija ar mašīnbūvi, ēdienu pārstrādi, tekstilu un citu ražošanu.
Jelgavas Universitātei vajadzīga efektīva pārvalde
Lai sasniegt savus mērķus, kā inovācijas pilsēta, Jelgavai vajag savu universitāti kas veicina Jelgavas attīstību. Līdzīgi, Jelgavas universitātei vajag ap sevi augošu pilsētu, ar rosīgu kultūras dzīvi. Mainot LLU nosaukumu uz Jelgavas universitāti, jāskatās arī uz universitātes pārvaldi. Universitātei vajag pārvaldi, kur ir skaidri atspoguļotas Jelgavas un Zemgales intereses, kā arī Latvijas valsts intereses veicinot lauksaimniecības attīstību un inovāciju un uzņēmēju darbību, kā arī vispārēju kulturālu un nacionālu attīstību. Tagadējā LLU satversme paredz Padomnieku konventu, kā pārvaldes līdzekli, kas ir pakļauts rektoram, kas sniegt rektoram padomus, lai viņš var saskaņot LLU darbību un tās akadēmiskās programmas ar sabiedrības vajadzībām. Nav nemaz skaidrs kā Padomnieku konvents var nodrošināt, ka LLU darbība atspoguļo sabiedrības vajadzības, jo ne šī Padomnieka konventa dalībnieku skaits, ne to kvalifikāciju ir definēti LLU Satversmē. Citējot LLU tagadējo Satversmi:
1.3. Universitātes darbību ar sabiedrības interesēm saskaņo Latvijas Lauksaimniecības universitātes Padomnieku konvents. To izveido Latvijas Lauksaimniecības universitātes Senāts Augstskolu likumā noteiktajā kārtībā. Padomnieku konventa nolikumu apstiprina un locekļus ievēlē Senāts. Padomnieku konvents konsultē Senātu un rektoru universitātes attīstības stratēģijas jautājumos, tam ir tiesības ierosināt jautājumu izskatīšanu Senātā un Konventā.
LLU Satversme, ko apstiprināja Latvijas Augstākā Padome, 1992.g. 10.martā, neparedzēja Padomnieku konventu, bet noteica, ka LLU pārvaldi un LLU darbības saskaņošana ar ārējo sabiedrību veiks Aizbildņu padome. Citējot LLU 1991.g. Satversmi:
1.3. Universitātes darbību ar sabiedrības interesēm saskaņo LLU Aizbildņu padome. To izveido Latvijas Republikas valdība no izglītības zinātnes, un citu tautsaimniecības nozaru organizatoriem un speciālistiem. Pusi no tās sastāva iesaka Universitāte. Aizbildņu padomes nolikumu pēc LLU priekšlikuma apstiprina Latvijas Republikas Valdība. LLU Aizbildņu padomei ir tiesības sasaukt Konventu vai Senātu, kā arī ierosināt tajos apspriest noteiktus jautājumus.
Aizbildņu padome saskaņā ar 1991.g. LLU Satversmi veidoja Latvijas Republikas valdība līdzīgi, ka tas tiek darīts Perdū universitātē (Purdue University), kas ir lauksaimniecības universitāte ASV Indiānas štatam. Perdū ir starp vadošām universitātēm pasaulē, 24.vietā pasaulē tehnoloģijā, pirmā vietā ASV lauksaimniecībā. Perdū Aizbildņu Padomes 10 locēkļus (Board of Trustees) ieceļ štata gubernators uz 3 gadiem izņemot studentu pārstāvi, kas ir iecelts uz 2 gadiem. Absolventu asociācija (Alumni Association) iesaka 3 locekļus, no kuriem vismaz vienam jābūt saistītam ar lauksaimniecību. Gubernators izmeklē 7 ar īpašu komiteju un 2 no tiem jābūt saistītiem ar lauksaimniecību. Šai Padomei ir galvenā lēmēju vara universitātē un tā uzklausa mācībspēka Senātu, kur tiek pārstāvētas visas universitātes fakultātes, kā arī uzklausa Studentu Senātu. Perdū Universitāti vada Prezidents, kuru pieņem darbā Aizbildņu padome ar Senātu apstiprinājumu. Indiānas štata dotācija ir zem 20% no Perdū Universitātes budžeta, pārējie līdzekļi nāk no studentu maksas, abiturientu dāvinājumiem, līguma maksām par pētniecību un pakalpojumiem, un no citiem avotiem. Ir nozīmīgi, ka šī universitāte var sasniegt tik augstus akadēmiskus standartus ar stipri mazāku redzamu lemšanas autonomiju kā LLU, kas ir gandrīz pilnīgi atkarīga no Latvijas valsts budžeta dotācijām, bet kura ir gandrīz pilnīgi autonoma, bez tiešu valsts uzraudzību par savu darbību.
Kopsavilkums un ieteikumi
Ja izveidotu LLU, kā reģionālu augstskolu, viens no rektora galvenajiem uzdevumiem būtu veidot Jelgavas universitāti, tā lai tā veicina inovāciju un Jelgavas un rajona attīstību, kā inovācijas centrs rajonam. Augsta prioritāte būtu kopā ar Jelgavas pašvaldību veidot Jelgavas zinātnes parku. Jelgavas pašvaldībai arī vajadzētu ne tikai cieši sadarboties, lai veicinātu kopējās intereses. Jelgavas Domei vajadzēt materiāli atbalstīt Jelgavas universitātes izaugsmi, lai veicinātu Jelgavas un Latvijas izaugsmi. Starp citu, Jelgavas universitāte, ar savu meža zinātnes fakultāti un reģionālo nozīmi lauku rajonos ir īpaši labi situēta, lai tajā mājotu amatniecības meistarības attīstības centrs un fakultāte.
LLU izpilda vairākas lomas. Kā valsts lauksaimniecības akadēmija LLU izglīto lauksaimniekus, un lauksaimniecības un mežsaimniecības speciālistus. Kā augstskola, kas atrodas Jelgavā, tā izpilda arī reģionālas augstskolas lomu visam Zemgales apgabalam. Latvija bija, ir un būs lauksaimniecības zeme, un tai kā viena no valsts prioritātēm ir jāpiedāvā izglītības iespējas lauksaimniecības jomā.
Kā reģionāla augstskola LLU izpilda līdzīgu lomu, tāpat kā reģionālās augstskolas Liepājā, Ventspilī, Valmierā, Daugavpilī un Rēzeknē. Šai sakarā jāatceras, ka izglītībai Jelgavā ir daudz senāka loma nekā Rīgas politehnikumam. Kā zināms, 1775.g Jelgavā tika dibināta Pētera Bīrona akadēmija – pirmā augstskola Baltijas reģionā. Jelgavai, kā Zemgales saimnieciskam un kultūras centram, ir nepieciešama sava reģionāla augstskola. Vai nebūtu piemērotāk, ja augstskolu, kas atrodas Jelgavā, turpmāk sauktu par Jelgavas Universitāti, un, ka tā saņemt materiālu atbalstu arī no Jelgavas pašvaldības?
Jelgavas zinātnes parks, ir paredzēta kā vieta, kur veicināt inovāciju un kur dibināt jaunus uzņēmumus, lai attīstīt un ražot jaunus produktus. Ja būs līdzīga veiksme, kā Lundā, tad pēc 30 gadiem tur strādās 10,000 + darbinieki un Jelgavas Universitāti būs sasniegusi ievērojamu reitingu starp Eiropas universitātēm. Vēl pirms desmit gadiem šis varēja tikai būtu bijušu sapni. Jelgava, tagad kopīgi ar savu universitāti, varētu pilnveidot Jelgavu kā inovācijas pilsētu.
Vai šāds ceļš vispār ir iespējams, ja LLU galvenā pārvaldība joprojām nāks no Zemkopības Ministrijas? Varbūt tagad ir īstais laiks atgriezties pie LLU pirmās 1991.g. Satversmes, kur tās 1.3 pantā tika iezīmēta Aizbildņu padome, līdzīgi kā ASV universitātēs, piemēram, kā “Purdue” universitātē. Tur aizbildņus ieceļ štata gubernators ar ieteikumiem no absolventu asociācijas un studentiem. Vismaz 3 aizbildņiem jābūt tiešai saistībai ar lauksaimniecību. Diemžēl, Aizbildņu padome tika „izrevidēta” no LLU tagadējās Satversmes un aizstāta ar nenoteiktu Padomnieku Konventu.
Ir teikts, ka LLU ir uz savas salas un ka tai nav liela saskarsme ar savu apkārtējo vidi. Ja Jelgavas Universitātes pārvaldē būtu arī pārstāvi no Jelgavas, kas varētu runāt par Jelgavas vajadzībām un interesēm, tad sadarbība starp universitāti un savu pilsētu būtu rosīgāka un tai būtu lielāka atdeve Jelgavas un Zemgales apgabala izaugsmei.
Veidosim Jelgavas Universitāti, kā inovācijas centru inovācijas pilsētai Jelgavai!
Vidvuds Beldavs, Direktors, „Kaija Consulting”SIA, repatriējies no ASV, dzīvo Jelgavā. 1990.g. bija PBLA Ekonomikas stratēģiju darba grupas loceklis, arī bija iniciators „International Baltic Economic Commission”, ko organizēja Hudson Institūts Baltijas valstīm veidot rīcības plānu pārejai uz tirgus ekonomiku no PSRS centrālo plānošanas sistēmas. Karjers ASV ietilpst darbu kā prognozētājs firmai Cummins, Inc., kā arī vairākas citas lomas ar lielām un mazām firmām, vadīja „International Technology Transfer Society „ un dibināja un vadīja vairākas citas organizācijas un firmas.
Vēres
Beldavs, Vidvuds, 2011, „Roboti, amatniecība un Latvijas nākotne”, Meža Avīze, sk. http://www.mezaavize.lv/index.php?page=number&lang=lat&id=162#a2377
BNS, 2012, „Ķīlis veidos reformu plāna ‘birokrātisko versiju”, iegūts 2012-12-01 no http://www.delfi.lv/news/national/politics/kilis-veidos-reformu-plana-birokratisko-versiju.d?id=42845106
Bosma, N., Weneker, S., Amorós, J., „Global entrepreneurship monitor 2011 extended report: Entrepreneurs and Entrepreneurial Employees across the Globe”, Global Entrepreneurship Research Association, retrieved 2012-12-16 from http://www.babson.edu/Academics/centers/blank-center/global-research/gem/Documents/GEM%202011%20Extended%20Report%20VF%20rev.pdf
Frey, Thomas, 2012, „The Rise of the Super Professor” retrieved 2012-12-01 from http://www.futuristspeaker.com/2012/05/the-rise-of-the-superprofessor/
Kazāks, Vilnis, „Meistardarbnīcas. Politika un ekonomika”, iegūts 2012-12-01 no http://vilniskazaks.blogspot.com/2012/11/meistardarbnicas-politika-un-ekonomika.html?spref=fb
Ķilis, Roberts, 2012, Delfi, iegūts 2012-12-12 no – http://www.delfi.lv/news/national/politics/kilis-veidos-reformu-plana-birokratisko-versiju.d?id=42845106
Kovaļevskis, Jānis, 2012, „Skujāns: Nepieļausim LLU pievienošanu citai universitātei”, Jelgavas Vēstnesis, 2012.g. 08.Novembris.
Kuzmina, Ilze, 2012, „Latvijas augstskolu vērtējums, iegūts 2012-12-01 no http://la.lv/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=346801:latvijas-augstskolu-vrtjums&Itemid=145
Latvijas Ekonomikas Ministrija, 2009, EMZino 18122009. „Informatīvais ziņojums par nepieciešamajām strukturālajām reformām augstākajā izglītībā un zinātnē Latvijas starptautiskās konkurētspējas paaugstināšanai”, iegūts 2012-12-02 no http://izm.izm.gov.lv/upload_file/Normativie_akti/infozin_18122009.pdf
Latvijas Lauksaimniecības universitāte, Satversme (esošā), iegūts 2012-12-04 no http://www.llu.lv/getfile.php?id=1076
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Back to the Future: Space and Escaping the Gravitational Pull of Economic Crisis
November 14, 2012
Originally published in Counterpunch – see – http://www.counterpunch.org/2012/11/14/back-to-the-future-2/
Space and Escaping the Gravitational Pull of Economic Crisis
Back to the Future
by VIDVUDS BELDAVS and JEFFREY SOMMERS
We have arrived at a historical moment of economic crisis where no exit appears visible. The limits of financialization and the “service” economy have been reached. The way forward is through a return to developing the real economy. However, we are also at the limits of globalization and technological advances and their commercialization with new products though necessary, will not solve the problem.
Most countries plan to produce more engineers and PhDs in the sciences to innovate out of the morass. Yet, globally, we are already producing more people with high levels of education for which they will find no meaningful roles. In the US many science postdocs can’t get tenure and seek out alternative opportunities. Others supplement adjunct salaries with poverty relief programs like Food Stamps in the US. While scores more abandon their chosen disciplines seeking alternative lines of work. China, which is producing vastly more technical specialists than the US, is finding it hard to generate jobs that match the skills and expertise that are being acquired. This problem will be compounded as universities around the world disgorge increasing numbers of highly trained specialists.
Meanwhile, states with few natural resources and little manufacturing are pursuing austerity policies in an attempt to escape the present crisis. The result has often been a further deepening of economic problems. Energy rich countries are temporarily in better financial shape, but not as good as assumed just a few short years back. Advances in extraction technologies for gas and oil mean energy prices will be lower than previously forecast. In short, we are moving towards energy price declines as reserves for oil and gas have risen over earlier forecasts which will slow the growth of “green economy” jobs.
Most countries are developing innovation centers and technology parks linked to research universities. Countries like Russia have made major “bets” on future high technology development. Russia’s $33 billion gamble on nano-technology has reputedly generated rent-seeking, but relatively few competitive industries. Thousands of scientists must be matched to real problems that result in globally competitive products. Their solutions must find financing and entrepreneurial talent to create new industries. Yet, what is uncertain is whether in light of the kind of technological challenges to overcome, that competitive products will be developed and that successful enterprises will emerge that can compete in the global environment.
The crisis we face is much deeper than the end of globalization. Humanity is reaching the limits of its ecological niche on this planet. The financialization of the economy that led to the present crisis is a symptom of the deeper crisis. Finding opportunities in the real economy limited, clever people created a virtual financial world with seemingly limitless opportunity. Yet this virtual world is dependent on the real economy. For the virtual financial economy to continue to deliver real rewards the real economy must ultimately see real development. However, we no longer have a frontier to conquer and, thankfully, we are running out of low income countries where goods can be produced ever cheaper through factor accumulation (cheap labor). Limited to the environment of the Earth, there is no known economic model that can deliver high income jobs globally. While arguments for exploration of space have not been a priority for two generations, it is time we reconsider a return to this frontier.
Arguments for expansion beyond the Earth that look to address existential threats to human survival such as nuclear war, plague, climate change and asteroid impact are not compelling, because such threats are mere possibilities with varying probabilities of occurrence. The compelling argument for space industrialization is that we are near the limits of our ecological niche on Earth and as a species must expand our territory much as territorial expansions have occurred many times before. The most powerful historical example is the American frontier with its extraordinary global impact. Moreover, in the medium term, the technologies needed to make space exploration a reality will likely deliver innovations that will make life on Earth more livable going forward. Space industrialization is the next industrial revolution that Robert J. Gordon could not find in his National Bureau of Economic Research article “Is US Economic Growth Over?”
In this context the recent announcement by Dimitry Rogozin, Deputy Prime Minister of Russia, to develop a large base on the Moon is a most welcome step. Russia has traditionally demonstrated success in large-scale, top down projects with clear goals. Such goals can marshal national resources across many industries and scientific disciplines. It is more than the moral equivalent of war. By building a large base on the Moon, technology will be developed to utilize lunar resources to build industries in space to serve the needs of Earth. Space-based solar energy will be a key technological leap that comes with such a project. Space-based solar energy can deliver electricity to remote areas of the Earth enabling rapid development across India, Africa, and the Asian hinterland. Keeping a large contingent of people alive on the Moon for prolonged periods will require significant advances in life support and medical technologies plus the development of entirely new fields such as ecological engineering to create large scale, closed cycle ecosystems. Advances in life support – space agriculture to keep people alive indefinitely on the Moon and other bodies in the Solar System – can contribute to increased food security on the Earth. Humankind will be taking steps to emerge out of the limited environment of its home planet to build a Solar System wide civilization with challenges to absorb humanity’s energies for centuries to come.
Large-scale concrete projects, such as establishing a lunar base, mining the Moon and asteroids for minerals, developing networks of space based power plants to generate clean power for the Earth, and developing a space elevator to reduce launch costs to Earth orbit are major technical challenges. The technologies to solve these challenges will spawn new industries and numerous new products that will also have spinoffs and applications in the terrestrial economy.
Russia’s desire to supersede reliance on its commodity sector is indeed smart. Yet, the means for getting there needs to be rethought in ways that are simultaneously backward and forward looking. Looking back, the last major wave of high technology that was successfully commercialized was the development of microprocessors and the related Information Technology networks. Neither the free market nor public sector efforts to spur innovation such as technology incubators, however, developed the core technologies that launched this last wave of computer based consumer products. The core technologies making this last technology wave possible were driven by large-scale government programs, particularly the American space program. NASA required the development of small, lightweight computing power, for which the silicon chip based microprocessor was developed as the solution. Many other technologies in materials and electronics had to be produced, which also found commercial application. Only later did these technologies find commercial realization in the personal computer and other electronics. Only many years later still when matched by the commercial application of data transmission networks developed for the US military, did the personal computer market exponentially expand yet again with the internet-based worldwide web. The personal computer and internet industries have created value thousands of times over the original development costs in the US space program.
Russia can start but it will take Europe to launch a successful global program
Today, and tomorrow, Russia is best placed to advance their economy through the development of new technologies rooted in solutions to technological challenges for concrete projects for space industrialization. The commercial application of these technologies can then transform Russia’s own economy and help lead the global economy out of the present stagnation. Russia is still a leader in space development. Russia’s space program would be the historically validated way forward. Instead of investing money only in basic research with uncertain payoffs, an ambitious space program designed to mine the natural wealth of space would require the development of new technologies that would find promising future commercial applications on Earth. This, in turn, could create the next round of challenge –innovation dyads to spur the economic growth required to deliver us from the current stagnation.
Only Russia rivals the United States in the experience and infrastructure required to launch an ambitious space program. In some ways, Russia has an even deeper bench of expertise with more scientists with the appropriate training. Also, Russia does not have the same political limitations as the US where a significant expansion of the space program could not be sold to voters already frightened of budget deficits.
Would space projects be expensive? Of course. Yet, investments in space industrialization unlike investments in military technology, can generate large commercial benefits. The payoffs could be huge with better results likely than from funding more and more technology parks and tech business start ups alone without a clear, national technology goal. Moreover, Russia’s comparative advantage in space permits it to move ahead of others lacking the scientific infrastructure required to quickly realize this path toward technological innovation and economic growth. In short, the answer is for Russia to lead the world out of the crisis of this era by going “back to the future.”
How space industrialization can be launched
The project of European unity and peace was best advanced during the Cold War, when European states worked to construct economic cooperation predicated on development of the real economy rather than a currency union. This same spirit could be re-animated through a serious European/Russian space program by advancing the mission of the European Space Agency (ESA), which also includes Canada as a cooperating member. The ESA in turn can provide leadership for the development of global cooperation in space exploration. The EU has also championed the International Code of Conduct for Outer Space (CoC). Industrial development of space will require agreements on the use of space resources and on scores of other issues. EU participation would be invaluable in building the level of international cooperation needed to enable the creation of infrastructure for space industrialization that will enable broad use of the technologies that will be developed in the coming decades.
Russia proposes a grand project to build a large-scale base on the Moon as a joint project with the European Union with the door open to the US and all other nations on Earth. This would create another “Sputnik moment” that led to an extraordinary advance in technology development in the US and globally. But, unlike the Cold War struggle between the US and the USSR, the “Moon-base moment” would give the American President a mandate to lead the US out of the crisis in a way that simultaneously accelerates China, India and others to follow. The joint project could be framed similar to the original treaties that led to the formation of the EU centered on economic cooperation. Accession rules would govern how other nations, commercial partners, NGOs and individuals can take part in the Moon-Base Project. The US would be invited to immediately join the project to launch the Space Industrial Revolution.
Vidvuds Beldavs is President of Kaija Consulting, Ltd, a Riga, Latvia based consultancy that has advised the Latvian government on technology commercialization and economic development strategies. He served as Business Trends Advisor to Cummins, Inc., and served as the Executive Director of the Technology Transfer Society. He was the Hudson Institute’s initiator of the International Baltic Economic Commission for the governments of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. He can be reached at: vidbeldavs@gmail.com.
Jeffrey Sommers is Associate Professor of Political Economy & Public Policy and Global Studies Fellow at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; and Visiting Faculty, Stockholm School of Economics in Riga. He can be reached at: sommerjw@uwm.edu.
Roboti, amatniecība un Latvijas nākotne
Pēdējā laikā vesela virkne ar grāmatām un zinātniskiem pētījumiem ir nākuši klajā, kas pareģo, ka parastās izpratnes darbi nozudīs ar pakāpenisko ekonomisko spriedzi, kur robots var aizvietot cilvēku darbu. Atšķirīgi no rūpnieciskās revolūcijas, kur fizisku darbu aizvietoja automātiskas aušanas stelles un braucams traktors aizvietoja vairākus zirgus un arājus, tagad tiek veidoti roboti, kas aizvieto domājošu cilvēku. Pirms 13 gadiem IBM firmas dators „Dziļais Zilais” Deep Blue sakāva pasaules šaha čempionu Juri Kasparovu. Šī gada martā IBM firmas dators Vatsons (Watson) uzvinnēja ASV televīzijas programmā Jeopardy, kur vairāki sāncenši cīnījās, lai pareizi atbildētu uz jautājumiem vairākās jomās. Tas, ka dators var atbildēt brīvā valodā izteiktus jautājumus, ir liels sasniegums. Ko tas varētu nozīmēt pēc vēl desmit vai divdesmit gadiem? ASV ir vairāk nekā 5 miljoni darbinieku, kuru darbs ir atbildēt dažādus jautājumus noteiktā ekspertīzes jomā. Starp tiem ir advokāti, ārsti, skolotāji un daudz citi arodi. Vēl citā jomā ir automašīnas, kas ir pašvadītas, bez šofera. ASV ir vairāk nekā divi miljoni šoferu, kas vada smagās kravu mašīnas, kas tad būtu aizvietojami.
Patlaban ASV ekonomikā notiek izaugsme bez jaunu darbvietu radīšanas – saucamā bezdarba atkopšanās no krīzes. Ekonomists Džeremijs Rifkins („Jeremy Rifkin”) savā grāmatā „The End of Work” (“Darba Beigas”) paredz, ka lielākā daļa no tagadējiem darbiem ir vai būs aizvietojami ar robotiem vai informātiku. Uzņēmējs Martins Fords apskatīja šo problēmu un savā grāmatā „Gaismas Tunelī” („The LIghts in the Tunnel”, sk.: http://www.thelightsinthetunnel.com/ ) paredz ārkārtīgu problēmu tajā, ka strādniekus nevarēs vairs pārprofilēt uz citiem darbiem, jo arī tos darbus roboti varēs paveikt. Ja nav strādnieku, tad arī nav pircēju. Ja nav pircēju, kas pērk ražotos produktus vai piedāvātos pakalpojumus, tad ekonomika sabrūk.
Rifkins paredz, ka sabiedrība varētu veidot daudz un dažādas sabiedriskās organizācijas, kas sniegtu sabiedriskos pakalpojumus kultūrā un citās jomās, lai radītu jauna veida darbus. Martins nesaredz darba vietu radīšanas iespējas. Viņš iesaka, ka ar nodokļiem jāapliek kapitāls, kas ir ieguldīts, lai automatizētu ražošanu un ar to iznīcinātu darbus. Valsts ar naudu, kas iegūta no šiem jaunajiem nodokļiem, varētu maksāt aizvietotajiem strādniekiem dotāciju, lai tie varētu turpināt pirkt preces un pakalpojumus.
Latvija varētu rādīt trešo ceļu
Latvijā ir dziļas amatniecības un meistarības tradīcijas. Meistars ir amatnieks, kas ieguvis savas iemaņas un tehniskās zināšanas skolā un praksē, strādājot un mācoties kā zellis atzītā meistara darbnīcā. Meistaram pieder savi darba rīki, un viņš kā uzņēmējs salīgst darba nosacījumus ar klientu. Meistaram ir jāprot izprast klienta vēlmi un izpildīt darbu ar savu prātu un māksliniecisko izjūtu. Hugo Mercs (1904-1976), viens no Latvijas pirmajiem meistariem, kas bija Latvijas amatnieku kameras dibinātājs 1968. gadā, stāstīja šādu stāstu folkloristei Aijai Beldavai. Būdams zellis ar labu māku un izdomu, jaunais Mercs izgatavoju apbrīnojami skaistu krēslu no ozolkoka. Kad krēsls bija gatavs, puisis aiznesa to savam meistaram parādīt. Meistars uz brītiņu to apskatīja, tad bez vārda teikšanas paņēma cirvi un viņa acs priekšā to sacirta gabalos. Šādu mācību skolā nevar iegūt. To var iegūt tikai no meistara. Modernā izpratnē amatnieks savieno māku veidot un dizainu izpratni. Latvijā ir redzami daudzi darbi, kur šis ir labi izdevies – vai tas būtu audumā vai kokā, vai metālā, vai arī kompleksākos pasākumos kā vesela māja. Labam meistaram atdeve var būt ļoti laba. Pasaulē bagātība vairojās, un tie, kam ir nauda, meklē savai mājai kaut ko unikālu, nevis rūpnieciski ražotu preci. Labs meistars var noteikt savu cenu.
Amatniecības meistarību var apvienot ar tūrisma veicināšanas stratēģijām. Amatnieki ar saviem labi apstrādātajiem darbiem pievelk cilvēkus uz citādi nomaļām vietām, kur tūristi var baudīt ne tik vien kā atjaunotās Latvijas pilis vai dabas skaistumus, bet arī amatnieku jaunradi darbnīcās, kas atrodamas visā Latvijā. Tur bieži vien viesi var skatīties, kā meistars ar saviem zeļļiem strādā, lai radītu pievilcīgas lietas.
Kā Latvija var veicināt meistarību?
Meistarība prasa daudzpusīgu izglītību un prasmes pieredzi kā amatniekam un kā uzņēmējam, un arī kā dizaineram. Hugo Mercs bija Mākslas Akadēmijā un arī Amatniecības Kamerā. Mūsdienās arī derētu īpaša apmācība uzņēmējdarbības zināšanās – marketingā un biznesa plānošanā, kā arī grāmatvedībā. Svarīga loma valstij ir, lai amatniecība tiktu uzstādīta uz stingriem pamatiem. Ja amatniecība tiks atstāta novārtā un rūpnieciskie darbi nozudīs, kā citādi Latvija sagatavosies laikam, kad roboti un informātika darīs lielāko daļu no tagadējiem darbiem? Ir ļoti svarīgi veicināt meistarību, jo tā rezultāts ir jaunrade un inovācija.
Vidvuds Beldavs, futūrists, KAIJA Consulting firmas īpašnieks, e-pasts vidbeldavs@aol.com
Raksts publicēts Meža Avīzē, sk. http://www.mezaavize.lv/index.php?page=number&lang=lat&id=162#a2377